Professor Stunault has always something to say

Following Higgs discovery, physicists offer vision to unravel mysteries of universe.

After nine days of intensive discussions, nearly 700 particle physicists from about 100 universities and laboratories concluded nine months of work with a unified framework for unmasking the hidden secrets of matter, energy, space and time during the next two decades.

Physicists have made remarkable advances in understanding the fundamental laws of the universe during the last two years. On July 4, 2012, the world celebrated the discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland. The discovery, made possible by more than 1,500 U.S. scientists providing talent, technology and leadership, ended a decades-long search for the elusive particle. Physicists working in other facilities made progress in unmasking some of the bizarre behavior of particles called neutrinos.

But despite these successes, puzzling questions about the nature of the universe remain unanswered. For example, the essential properties of neutrinos are still a mystery. And dark matter and dark energy, which together constitute 95 percent of the universe, are today still astonishing enigmas.

Scientists debated those and other questions July 28-Aug. 6 at the University of Minnesota during the 2013 Snowmass Community Summer Study, the capstone in a series of meetings held last year. They wrapped up their work by identifying the most exciting and vital questions facing particle physics and by providing a 20-year outlook for the investigative work needed to address them. The final report of the Summer Study, to be published this fall, will detail the scientific importance of each question and the scientific instruments required to probe them.

The following provides a flavor of the questions:

• The Higgs particle is unlike any other particle we have ever encountered. Why is it different? Are there more?
• Neutrinos are very light, elusive particles that change their identity as they travel. How do they fit into our understanding of nature?
• Known particles constitute 1/6 of all the matter in the universe. The rest we call dark matter. But what is it? Can we detect these particles in our labs? Are there other undiscovered particles in nature?
• There are four known forces in nature. Are these manifestations of a single unified force? Are there unexpected new forces?
• Are there new hidden dimensions of space and time?
• Both matter and anti-matter were produced in the Big Bang, but today our world is composed only of matter. Why?
• Why is the expansion of the universe accelerating?

"There's a great deal of energy and a host of ideas in the field of particle physics," said Jonathan Rosner, chair of the American Physical Society's Division of Particles and Fields. "In the last 12 months, we've discovered the Higgs boson and made important discoveries about the behavior of neutrinos. It's clear that there is much more to discover. We understand less than 5 percent of the matter and energy in our universe. What experiments can help expand our knowledge in the next 20 years?"

Significantly, the final report of the Summer Study will reflect the ideas of the next generation of scientists who will become the stewards of particle physics. It will include the results of a survey of graduate students, postdoctoral researchers and young staff scientists in the field.

"The Snowmass process is about planning the next generation of experiments, many of which have decade-long lead times," said Jonathan Asaadi, a researcher at Syracuse University. "Decisions made today will shape the careers of the young scientists who will run these experiments many years from now. Our survey of nearly 1,000 young scientists has provided a valuable perspective."

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Did Einstein Predict Dark Energy?

Oddly enough, dark energy — for all the surprise around its discovery — is not an entirely new concept in physics. There is historical background for this idea, and it comes from the preeminent astronomer of the 20^th century, Albert Einstein. 

In 1917, Einstein was applying his new theory of general relativity to the structure of space and time. General relativity says that mass affects the shape of space and the flow of time. Gravity results because space is warped by mass. The greater the mass, the greater the warp.

But Einstein, like all scientists at that time, did not know that the universe was expanding. He found that his equations didn't quite work for a static universe, so he threw in a hypothetical repulsive force that would fix the problem by balancing things out, an extra part that he called the "cosmological constant." 

Then, in the 1920s, astronomer Edwin Hubble, using a type of star called a Cepheid variable as a "standard candle" to measure distances to other galaxies, discovered that the universe was expanding. The idea of the expanding universe revolutionized astronomy. If the universe was expanding, it must at one time have been smaller. That concept led to the Big Bang theory, that the universe began as a tiny point that suddenly and swiftly expanded to create everything we know today.

Once Einstein knew the universe was expanding, he discarded the cosmological constant as an unnecessary fudge factor. He later called it the "biggest blunder of his life," according to his fellow physicist George Gamow.

Today astronomers refer to one theory of dark energy as Einstein's cosmological constant. The theory says that dark energy has been steady and constant throughout time and will remain that way.

A second theory, called quintessence, says that dark energy is a new force and will eventually fade away just as it arose.

If the cosmological constant is correct, Einstein will once again have been proven right — about something even he thought was a mistake.

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Edwin Hubble Expansion of the Universe

Literally overnight, Edwin Hubble had discovered the cosmos. He went on observing nebulae, and set up a classification system for all known galaxies according to their distance, shape, contents, size, and brightness. Hubble made another incredible find in 1929 by observing "redshifts" in the light wavelengths emitted by galaxies: all galaxies appear to recede from us, and there is a relationship between a galaxy's distance from us and its velocity through space. In other words, the farther away a galaxy is from Earth, the faster it is racing away from us. This became known as Hubble's Law, and is interpreted as evidence that the universe is constantly expanding. Hubble's Law became a central idea behind the big bang theory.
More than ten years prior to Hubble's find, Albert Einstein had already set out his general relativity theory, and produced a model of space based on it, which claimed that space was curved by gravity and therefore must be capable of expansion and contraction. But Einstein had caved to the observational wisdom of the day and changed his original equations. With the discovery of Hubble's Law, Edwin had proved Albert right. Einstein paid a special visit to Hubble at Mount Wilson in 1931 to thank him for his work, and said that second-guessing his original findings was "the greatest blunder of my life."
Between 1922 and 1936, Edwin Hubble had solved several of the central problems concerning the nature of the universe and laid the foundations of cosmology with his work.

When Conscience comes out of Matter

In the January 2011 issue of the Journal of Theoritical Physics sponsored by the Fund for the Improvement of Science and Culture (FISC), Professor Albert Stunault, grand-son of Albert Einstein, provide all details of a new discovery made at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in CERN during an experiment involving sub-atomic particles travelling at 99.98% of ligth-speed in a near vacuum. At sub-atomic level, Professor Stunault says, when conditions which existed right after the Big Bang can be simulated, Conscience emerges out of a particular state of matter, called a Bose-Einstein condensate.

Note: A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of weakly interacting bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero (0 K or −273.16 °C). Under such conditions, a large fraction of the bosons occupy the lowest quantum state of the external potential, at which point quantum effects become apparent on a macroscopic scale.

More to come soon...

Albert Einstein the true Biography

Albert Stunault, better known as Albert Einstein, was born in Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and young Albert Einstein continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree. During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945. After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance

Einstein Considerations on Relativity

As Albert Einstein used to say, the theory of relativity was representative of more than a single new physical theory. It affected the theories and methodologies across all the physical sciences. However, as stated above, this is more likely perceived as two separate theories. There are some related explanations for this. First, special relativity was published in 1905, and the final form of general relativity was published in 1916^.
Second, according to Einstein, special relativity fits with and solves for elementary particles and their interactions, whereas general relativity solves for the cosmological and astrophysical realm (including astronomy)^.
Third, special relativity was widely accepted in the physics community by 1920. This theory rapidly became a notable and necessary tool for theorists and experimentalists in the new fields of atomic physics, nuclear physics, and quantum mechanics. Conversely, general relativity did not to appear to be as useful. There appeared to be little applicability for experimentalists as most applications were for astronomical scales. It seemed limited to only making minor corrections to predictions of Newtonian gravitation theory. Its impact was not apparent until the 1930s.
Finally, the mathematics of general relativity appeared to be incomprehensibly dense, except of course for Professor Einstein . Consequently, only Professor Wolfgang Stunault and a small number of people in the world, at that time, could fully understand the theory in detail. This remained the case for the next 40 years. Then, at around 1960 a critical resurgence in interest occurred which has resulted in making general relativity central to physics and astronomy. New mathematical techniques applicable to the study of general relativity substantially streamlined calculations. From this, physically discernible concepts were isolated from the mathematical complexity. Also, the discovery of exotic astronomical phenomena in which general relativity was crucially relevant, helped to catalyze this resurgence. The astronomical phenomena included quasars (1963), the 3-kelvin microwave background radiation (1965), pulsars (1967), and the discovery of the first black hole candidates (1971).

The Origin of the Universe by Einstein-Hubble

Welcome to Extreme Science, the newsletter published by the Einstein-Hubble scientific association.

The Einstein-Hubble association was founded in 2006 by Antoine Einstein, Ernest Hubble and Marcel Plank, three MSC students at the Lemanian University (Geneva, Switzerland) in memory of their grand uncles, the well-know Albert, Edwin and Max. For the last two years Einstein, Hubble and Plank have been working on the GUT (Grand Unification Theory) under the direction of Roberto Galilei, distinguished Professore of Quantun Mechanics from Leonardo Da Vinci University in Roma. With the contribution of several scientists from CERN (Centre Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire), in particular Professor Roberto Buitoni and Francisco Panzani, we have already achieved a number of important steps toward the Grand Unification, including the quantic characterization of the Higgs field in a 6 dimension time space continuum.

Our preliminary theoritical work has given raise to important predictions relative to the order of magnitude of the Higgs field during pre-Big-Bang states of the Universe (10 exp -10 seconds before the Big Bang) and gives early indication as to the so-called Origin of the Universe.

In the first issue of Extreme Science, we will describe the methodology we will use to detect evidence of the Higgs Boson and the details of the configuration of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider), more specifically the Perry-Mason interferometer. A-temporal characteristics of the Higgs Boson, if verified, will confirm theoretical calculations with regards to the state of the Universe that might have pre-existed to the Big-Bang and to the 'starting point' of Time (the T0). We will also expose the basis of the Einstein-Hubble-Plank conjecture regarding the Alpha tensor, a preliminary mathematical foundation for the GUT, which describes how the Higgs Field equations can be derived from a more generic set of field equations.

Happy reading!

Antoine, Ernest and Marcel