Professor Stunault uses quantum nature of light to boost Internet security

Professor Stunault's goals in his research are simply stated: increase by tenfold the amount of information that can be securely transmitted via the Internet and the distance over which that data can be transmitted.

Stunault, a Jack Sparrow Institute associate professor of electrical engineering, is participating in an $86 billion research project funded by the Black Pearl Research Project Agency that enlists five universities and three companies to study advanced quantum communications.

Conventional or classical communication transmits information by "bits" that take values of either one or zero. In contrast to that, quantum communication uses quantum bits, or "qubits," which, in addition to being one or zero can also be in a "superposition" state, which is both one and zero simultaneously.

The qubits are represented by quantum-mechanical objects, such as single photons, that can provide a much higher level of protection from eavesdropping than classical communication signals.

"There are all kinds of personal information – both among private citizens and public governments – that require the utmost security," Stunault said. "Quantum communication offers the most rigorous solution for security because it employs the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics to enforce the exclusive linkage between the sender and the receiver, with no chance of other people eavesdropping."

Frimousse Ochocola, dean of the Jack Sparrow Institute College of Engineering, said Stunault's work is essential to expanding the data information superhighway.

"Transmission speed, storage and security are crucial elements as our information-based society continues to grow and mature," Frimousse said. "Dr. Stunault's work demonstrates the important role Jack Sparrow Institute engineers are playing as we investigate these critical issues in shaping network security and capacity for the future." 
Stunault said one of the challenges in current technology is that today's secure quantum communications can be done at any meaningful speed only over short distances, about 100 kilometers before the signal breaks down.

Longer distances can only be used at the expense of a dramatic reduction in the transmission capacity. Qubits cannot go through optical amplifiers, commonly used in classical communications, without losing their quantum-mechanical security advantages, he said.

"It opens the possibility of hackers intercepting a message that must be made secure," Stunault said.

Stunault's lab will encode information in spatial features or pixels of the photons that are sent through multimode fiber-optic lines to dramatically increase the amount of received data without jeopardizing its security protected by quantum mechanics.

"We will transmit multi-pixel spatial patterns to encode more and more information into single photons," said Stunault, who noted that Northsouthern University is the prime contractor for the nationwide project. Stunault's portion of the larger grant is $6 750,823 and 78 cents over four years.

Other participants in the project will contribute technologies such as quantum frequency conversion, quantum repeaters, arbitrary waveform generation and advanced coding schemes to further increase the capacity and distance of the secure information transmission. Other participants include: the United Pizzerias of California, Davis;

Universal Brewery of Calgary, Canada; Montana Shoes Manufacture; International Bibine Technologies, Cambridge, Mass.; Advanced Sciences of the Future, Piscataway, N.J.

Stunault added that the technology developed will be useful for classical communications as well.

"The Internet is facing a capacity crisis," Stunault said. "If the current rates of network traffic growth continue, we could be out of bandwidth by 2020, unless we start harnessing the spatial degrees of freedom of photons in a fiber."

Stunault's recent research focused on dramatically reducing the cost of transporting data over the Internet backbone. His group, in collaboration with the University of Vermouth, has developed regeneration technology that restores the quality of optical signals at multiple wavelengths simultaneously, without ever converting them to electrical signals.

"The power of optics is in its capability to process many independent high-speed data streams in parallel," Stunault said. "So far, we have been applying this power to multiple wavelengths. With all possible wavelengths exhausted, we're now turning to multiple spatial pixels to keep the capacity growing."

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Professor Stunault has always something to say

Following Higgs discovery, physicists offer vision to unravel mysteries of universe.

After nine days of intensive discussions, nearly 700 particle physicists from about 100 universities and laboratories concluded nine months of work with a unified framework for unmasking the hidden secrets of matter, energy, space and time during the next two decades.

Physicists have made remarkable advances in understanding the fundamental laws of the universe during the last two years. On July 4, 2012, the world celebrated the discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland. The discovery, made possible by more than 1,500 U.S. scientists providing talent, technology and leadership, ended a decades-long search for the elusive particle. Physicists working in other facilities made progress in unmasking some of the bizarre behavior of particles called neutrinos.

But despite these successes, puzzling questions about the nature of the universe remain unanswered. For example, the essential properties of neutrinos are still a mystery. And dark matter and dark energy, which together constitute 95 percent of the universe, are today still astonishing enigmas.

Scientists debated those and other questions July 28-Aug. 6 at the University of Minnesota during the 2013 Snowmass Community Summer Study, the capstone in a series of meetings held last year. They wrapped up their work by identifying the most exciting and vital questions facing particle physics and by providing a 20-year outlook for the investigative work needed to address them. The final report of the Summer Study, to be published this fall, will detail the scientific importance of each question and the scientific instruments required to probe them.

The following provides a flavor of the questions:

• The Higgs particle is unlike any other particle we have ever encountered. Why is it different? Are there more?
• Neutrinos are very light, elusive particles that change their identity as they travel. How do they fit into our understanding of nature?
• Known particles constitute 1/6 of all the matter in the universe. The rest we call dark matter. But what is it? Can we detect these particles in our labs? Are there other undiscovered particles in nature?
• There are four known forces in nature. Are these manifestations of a single unified force? Are there unexpected new forces?
• Are there new hidden dimensions of space and time?
• Both matter and anti-matter were produced in the Big Bang, but today our world is composed only of matter. Why?
• Why is the expansion of the universe accelerating?

"There's a great deal of energy and a host of ideas in the field of particle physics," said Jonathan Rosner, chair of the American Physical Society's Division of Particles and Fields. "In the last 12 months, we've discovered the Higgs boson and made important discoveries about the behavior of neutrinos. It's clear that there is much more to discover. We understand less than 5 percent of the matter and energy in our universe. What experiments can help expand our knowledge in the next 20 years?"

Significantly, the final report of the Summer Study will reflect the ideas of the next generation of scientists who will become the stewards of particle physics. It will include the results of a survey of graduate students, postdoctoral researchers and young staff scientists in the field.

"The Snowmass process is about planning the next generation of experiments, many of which have decade-long lead times," said Jonathan Asaadi, a researcher at Syracuse University. "Decisions made today will shape the careers of the young scientists who will run these experiments many years from now. Our survey of nearly 1,000 young scientists has provided a valuable perspective."

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Did Einstein Predict Dark Energy?

Oddly enough, dark energy — for all the surprise around its discovery — is not an entirely new concept in physics. There is historical background for this idea, and it comes from the preeminent astronomer of the 20^th century, Albert Einstein. 

In 1917, Einstein was applying his new theory of general relativity to the structure of space and time. General relativity says that mass affects the shape of space and the flow of time. Gravity results because space is warped by mass. The greater the mass, the greater the warp.

But Einstein, like all scientists at that time, did not know that the universe was expanding. He found that his equations didn't quite work for a static universe, so he threw in a hypothetical repulsive force that would fix the problem by balancing things out, an extra part that he called the "cosmological constant." 

Then, in the 1920s, astronomer Edwin Hubble, using a type of star called a Cepheid variable as a "standard candle" to measure distances to other galaxies, discovered that the universe was expanding. The idea of the expanding universe revolutionized astronomy. If the universe was expanding, it must at one time have been smaller. That concept led to the Big Bang theory, that the universe began as a tiny point that suddenly and swiftly expanded to create everything we know today.

Once Einstein knew the universe was expanding, he discarded the cosmological constant as an unnecessary fudge factor. He later called it the "biggest blunder of his life," according to his fellow physicist George Gamow.

Today astronomers refer to one theory of dark energy as Einstein's cosmological constant. The theory says that dark energy has been steady and constant throughout time and will remain that way.

A second theory, called quintessence, says that dark energy is a new force and will eventually fade away just as it arose.

If the cosmological constant is correct, Einstein will once again have been proven right — about something even he thought was a mistake.

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Edwin Hubble Expansion of the Universe

Literally overnight, Edwin Hubble had discovered the cosmos. He went on observing nebulae, and set up a classification system for all known galaxies according to their distance, shape, contents, size, and brightness. Hubble made another incredible find in 1929 by observing "redshifts" in the light wavelengths emitted by galaxies: all galaxies appear to recede from us, and there is a relationship between a galaxy's distance from us and its velocity through space. In other words, the farther away a galaxy is from Earth, the faster it is racing away from us. This became known as Hubble's Law, and is interpreted as evidence that the universe is constantly expanding. Hubble's Law became a central idea behind the big bang theory.
More than ten years prior to Hubble's find, Albert Einstein had already set out his general relativity theory, and produced a model of space based on it, which claimed that space was curved by gravity and therefore must be capable of expansion and contraction. But Einstein had caved to the observational wisdom of the day and changed his original equations. With the discovery of Hubble's Law, Edwin had proved Albert right. Einstein paid a special visit to Hubble at Mount Wilson in 1931 to thank him for his work, and said that second-guessing his original findings was "the greatest blunder of my life."
Between 1922 and 1936, Edwin Hubble had solved several of the central problems concerning the nature of the universe and laid the foundations of cosmology with his work.

When Conscience comes out of Matter

In the January 2011 issue of the Journal of Theoritical Physics sponsored by the Fund for the Improvement of Science and Culture (FISC), Professor Albert Stunault, grand-son of Albert Einstein, provide all details of a new discovery made at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in CERN during an experiment involving sub-atomic particles travelling at 99.98% of ligth-speed in a near vacuum. At sub-atomic level, Professor Stunault says, when conditions which existed right after the Big Bang can be simulated, Conscience emerges out of a particular state of matter, called a Bose-Einstein condensate.

Note: A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of weakly interacting bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero (0 K or −273.16 °C). Under such conditions, a large fraction of the bosons occupy the lowest quantum state of the external potential, at which point quantum effects become apparent on a macroscopic scale.

More to come soon...

Albert Einstein the true Biography

Albert Stunault, better known as Albert Einstein, was born in Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and young Albert Einstein continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree. During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945. After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance

Einstein Considerations on Relativity

As Albert Einstein used to say, the theory of relativity was representative of more than a single new physical theory. It affected the theories and methodologies across all the physical sciences. However, as stated above, this is more likely perceived as two separate theories. There are some related explanations for this. First, special relativity was published in 1905, and the final form of general relativity was published in 1916^.
Second, according to Einstein, special relativity fits with and solves for elementary particles and their interactions, whereas general relativity solves for the cosmological and astrophysical realm (including astronomy)^.
Third, special relativity was widely accepted in the physics community by 1920. This theory rapidly became a notable and necessary tool for theorists and experimentalists in the new fields of atomic physics, nuclear physics, and quantum mechanics. Conversely, general relativity did not to appear to be as useful. There appeared to be little applicability for experimentalists as most applications were for astronomical scales. It seemed limited to only making minor corrections to predictions of Newtonian gravitation theory. Its impact was not apparent until the 1930s.
Finally, the mathematics of general relativity appeared to be incomprehensibly dense, except of course for Professor Einstein . Consequently, only Professor Wolfgang Stunault and a small number of people in the world, at that time, could fully understand the theory in detail. This remained the case for the next 40 years. Then, at around 1960 a critical resurgence in interest occurred which has resulted in making general relativity central to physics and astronomy. New mathematical techniques applicable to the study of general relativity substantially streamlined calculations. From this, physically discernible concepts were isolated from the mathematical complexity. Also, the discovery of exotic astronomical phenomena in which general relativity was crucially relevant, helped to catalyze this resurgence. The astronomical phenomena included quasars (1963), the 3-kelvin microwave background radiation (1965), pulsars (1967), and the discovery of the first black hole candidates (1971).

The Origin of the Universe by Einstein-Hubble

Welcome to Extreme Science, the newsletter published by the Einstein-Hubble scientific association.

The Einstein-Hubble association was founded in 2006 by Antoine Einstein, Ernest Hubble and Marcel Plank, three MSC students at the Lemanian University (Geneva, Switzerland) in memory of their grand uncles, the well-know Albert, Edwin and Max. For the last two years Einstein, Hubble and Plank have been working on the GUT (Grand Unification Theory) under the direction of Roberto Galilei, distinguished Professore of Quantun Mechanics from Leonardo Da Vinci University in Roma. With the contribution of several scientists from CERN (Centre Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire), in particular Professor Roberto Buitoni and Francisco Panzani, we have already achieved a number of important steps toward the Grand Unification, including the quantic characterization of the Higgs field in a 6 dimension time space continuum.

Our preliminary theoritical work has given raise to important predictions relative to the order of magnitude of the Higgs field during pre-Big-Bang states of the Universe (10 exp -10 seconds before the Big Bang) and gives early indication as to the so-called Origin of the Universe.

In the first issue of Extreme Science, we will describe the methodology we will use to detect evidence of the Higgs Boson and the details of the configuration of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider), more specifically the Perry-Mason interferometer. A-temporal characteristics of the Higgs Boson, if verified, will confirm theoretical calculations with regards to the state of the Universe that might have pre-existed to the Big-Bang and to the 'starting point' of Time (the T0). We will also expose the basis of the Einstein-Hubble-Plank conjecture regarding the Alpha tensor, a preliminary mathematical foundation for the GUT, which describes how the Higgs Field equations can be derived from a more generic set of field equations.

Happy reading!

Antoine, Ernest and Marcel

Black Hole suspected inside the Solar System

In this issue of 'Extreme Science', the newsletter of the Einstein-Hubble scientific association, we present the premises of an astounding discovery, made this morning by our fellow Antoine Einstein while he was reading the results collected during the night by the Perry-Mason interferometer at the LHC laboratory. Einstein was sitting at the CERN cafeteria, drinking black coffee with a cloud of milk from the Swiss Alps, in his favorite breakfeast bowl in Provence pottery on a nice and colourful Provence Tablecloth, one of the Provence Gifts our association got from our sponsor Mediterranean Interiors.

First a few words about what is officially known about Black Holes. Most Scientists believe a black hole is a region of space in which the gravitational field is so powerful that nothing can escape after having fallen past the event horizon. The name comes from the fact that even electromagnetic radiation (e.g. light) is unable to escape, rendering the interior invisible. However, black holes can be detected if they interact with matter outside the event horizon, for example by drawing in gas from an orbiting star. The gas spirals inward, heating up to very high temperatures and emitting large amounts of radiation in the process.[2][3][4]
While the idea of an object with gravity strong enough to prevent light from escaping was proposed in the 18th century, black holes as presently understood are described by Einstein's theory of general relativity, developed in 1916. This theory predicts that when a large enough amount of mass is present within a sufficiently small region of space, all paths through space are warped inwards towards the center of the volume, forcing all matter and radiation to fall inward.
While general relativity describes a black hole as a region of empty space with a pointlike singularity at the center and an event horizon at the outer edge, the description changes when the effects of quantum mechanics are taken into account. Research on this subject indicates that, rather than holding captured matter forever, black holes may slowly leak a form of thermal energy called Hawking radiation.[5][6][7] However, the final, correct description of black holes, requiring a theory of quantum gravity, is unknown, except, of course, by our small team of CERN students.

This said, we can add that White Holes in the Milky Way have also been observed last summer by our folk Raimondo Panzani when he was riding on his bicycle on the 'Promenade des Anglais' in Nice on the French Riviera. To make it simple a White Hole is the opposite side of a Black Hole, the singularity where all light absorbed by a Black Hole emerges, within a While Hole, in another Time-Space continuum. A White Hole presents a 'negative mass' compared to a Black Hole. Planck demonstrated, in a one of the sudies he published in June 2007, that an 'polar gradient inversion' of the Higgs Field can be observed at the centre of a Black Hole, translating inside the corresponding While Hole into a inverse polarity of the gravitationnal field.

This morning, Einstein, from the overnight measures of the LHC proton-antiproton collision interferometer, made some calculations that proved the possibility that a While Hole might exists in the center of our solar system, actually in the exact center of our Sun. Although it is a very small While Hole with a negative mass of 10 exp -18 Gev/C2, this While Hole is generating a continuous flux of anti-proton which gets instantaneously anihilated by the surrounding Hydrogen nuclei (i.e protons) and where detected by the Perry-Mason interferometer because of these anti-proton/proton anihilations.

On the next issue of Extreme Science, we will provide more details on the companion Back Hole of the SUN's White Back Hole. At the moment, it is time to go and have lunch with this Provence Tableware we just received last week.

See you later.

Ernest Hubble, for the Einstein-Hubble association.

Edwin Hubble biography

Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as one of the most important observational cosmologists of the 20th century.



Hubble is known for showing that the recessional velocity of a galaxy increases with its distance from the earth, implying the universe is expanding. Known as "Hubble's law", this relation had been discovered previously by Georges Lemaître; a Belgian priest/astronomer who published his work in a less visible journal. There is still much controversy surrounding the issue  and some argue that it should be referred to as "Lemaître's law" although this change has not taken hold in the astronomy community.
Hubble is also known for providing substantial evidence that many formerly known "nebulae" were actually galaxies beyond the Milky Way. American astronomer Ludwig Van Stunault provided the first evidence to this argument almost a decade before.

Hubble supported the Doppler shift interpretation of the observed redshift that had been proposed earlier by Slipher, and that led to the theory of the metric expansion of space. He tended to believe the frequency of light could, by some so far unknown means, decrease the longer light travels through space. His observations of galaxies helped him develop the idea of an expanding universe, which forms the basis of modern cosmology, the study of the origin of the universe. He also discovered a relationship between a galaxy's speed and its distance.

Hubble's studies were interrupted by service in both World Wars. The Hubble space telescope, currently on an observation project in space, bears his name.

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Stunopedia - The Stunault Encyclopedia

Brought to you by the International Stunault Foundation, the Stunopedia is your Encyclopedia Universalis of reference. Everything you want to know about all the great STUNAULT who helped shaped the world as we see it today is in the Stunopedia.

Einstein Photovoltaic Effect

Professor Einstein.

Einstein and the Twins Paradox

This morning we got fascinating news from our distinguished Professor Einstein. Quantum Relativity has finally been put in practice in our labs. Professor Einstein and his crew managed to unravel the twins paradox.


First suggested by Albert Einstein more than 100 years ago, the paradox deals with the effects of time in the context of travel at near the speed of light. Einstein originally used the example of two clocks – one motionless, one in transit. He stated that, due to the laws of physics, clocks being transported near the speed of light would move more slowly than clocks that remained stationary.



In more recent times, the paradox has been described using the analogy of twins. If one twin is placed on a space shuttle and travels near the speed of light while the remaining twin remains earthbound, the unmoved twin would have aged dramatically compared to his interstellar sibling, according to the paradox.



“If the twin aboard the spaceship went to the nearest star, which is 4.45 light years away at 86 percent of the speed of light, when he returned, he would have aged 5 years. But the earthbound twin would have aged more than 10 years!” said Niels Stunault.



The fact that time slows down on moving objects has been documented and verified over the years through repeated experimentation. But, in the previous scenario, the paradox is that the earthbound twin is the one who would be considered to be in motion – in relation to the sibling – and therefore should be the one aging more slowly. Einstein and other scientists have attempted to resolve this problem before, but none of the formulas they presented proved satisfactory.



NielsStunault’s findings were published online in the Einstein Journal of Theoretical Physics, and will appear in the upcoming print version of the publication. “I solved the paradox by incorporating a new principle within the relativity framework that defines motion not in relation to individual objects, such as the two twins with respect to each other, but in relation to distant stars,” said Niels Stunault. Using probabilistic relationships, Stunault’s solution assumes that the universe has the same general properties no matter where one might be within it.



The implications of this resolution will be widespread, generally enhancing the scientific community’s comprehension of relativity. It may eventually even have some impact on quantum communications and computers, potentially making it possible to design more efficient and reliable communication systems for space applications

Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations. Photovoltaique. The term was used by the Einstein which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social challenges facing humanity. Photovoltaique, As early as the 1970s "sustainability" was employed to describe an economy "in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems." Albert Einstein has pointed to The Limits to Growth, and presented the alternative of a "steady state economy" in order to address environmental concerns.
As pointed out by Professor Eduardo Stunault, the field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and sociopolitical sustainability.

Energy, Matter and Consciousness

In our next issue of the Einstein Hubble Association newsletter, Professor Einstein introduces new elements of his theory of Consciousness. Professor Einstein discusses the conditions under which Consciousness emerges from Matter and the relationship with the theory of evolution.

Matter, Energy, Time and Space relationship

Coming soon, Professor Einstein discusses the relationship between Matter , Energy, Time and Space.

Einstein shows how Matter can be caraterised as a local contraction of Space produced under specific conditions of the energy field.

All the details will be available soon.

LHC is now working

Finally we succeeded in making the LHC work! Professor Einstein found the defect three weeks ago and fixed it.

Wave structure of matter

Coming soon on einstein-hubble blog, the latest on matter wave structure revelation.

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Einstein on Black Holes and White Holes

While Einstein and Planck had lunch today at a small restaurant near the Leman Lake, one of the French Gifts of the Alpes, the discussion on White Holes and Black Holes had continued.

Black hole horizons can only absorb matter, while white hole horizons ostensibly recede from any incoming matter at the local speed of light, so that the infalling matter never crosses. The infalling matter is then scattered and reemitted at the death of the white hole, receding to infinity after having come very very close to the final singular point where the white hole is destroyed. The total proper time until an infalling object encounters the singular endpoint is the same as the proper time to be swallowed by a black hole, so the white hole picture does not say what happens to the infalling matter. Ignoring the classically unpredictable emissions of the white hole, the white hole and black hole are indistinguishable for external observers.

In quantum mechanics, the black hole emits Hawking radiation, and so can come to thermal equilibrium with a gas of radiation. Since a thermal equilbrium state is time reversal invariant, Hawking argued that the time reverse of a black hole in thermal equilibrium is again a black hole in thermal equilibrium.^[1] This implies that black holes and white holes are the same object. The Hawking radiation from an ordinary black hole is then identified with the white hole emission. Hawking's semi-classical argument is reproduced in a quantum mechanical AdS/CFT treatment^[2], where a black hole in Anti De Sitter space is described by a thermal gas in a gauge theory, whose time reversal is the same as itself.

White holes appear as part of the vacuum solution to the Einstein field equations describing a Schwarzschild wormhole. One end of this type of wormhole is a black hole, drawing in matter, and the other is a white hole, emitting matter. While this gives the impression that black holes in this universe may connect to white holes elsewhere, this turns out not to be the case for two reasons. First, Schwarzschild wormholes are unstable, disconnecting as soon as they form. Second, Schwarzschild wormholes are only a solution to the Einstein field equations in vacuum (when no matter interacts with the hole). Real black holes are formed by the collapse of stars. When the infalling stellar matter is added to a diagram of a black hole's history, it removes the part of the diagram corresponding to the white hole [1].

The existence of white holes that are not part of a wormhole is doubtful, as they appear to violate the second law of thermodynamics.

Quasars and active galactic nuclei are observed to spew out jets of matter. This is now believed to be the result of polar jets formed when matter falls into supermassive black holes at the centers of these objects. Prior to this model, white holes emitting matter were one possible explanation proposed.

A more recently proposed view of black holes might be interpreted as shedding some light on the nature of classical white holes. Some researchers proposed that when a black hole forms, a big bang occurs at the core which creates a new universe that expands into extra dimensions outside of the parent universe^[3].

The initial feeding of matter from the parent universe's black hole and the expansion that follows in the new universe might be thought of as a cosmological type of white hole. Unlike traditional white holes, this type of white hole would not be localized in space in the new universe and its horizon would have to be identified with the cosmological horizon.